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一、时态 1.现在时 2.过去时 3.将来时 二、语态 动词时态 英语动词从时间上看,有现在、过去、将来及过去将来之分。从体上看,有一般、进行、完成及完成进行之区别。英语时态共有16种,现以动词write 为例,将其16种形式列表如下: 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 一般 write(s) wrote shall Write Will should writewould 进行 amis writingare was writingwere shall be writingwill should be writingwould 完成 have written has had written shall have writtenwill should have writtenwould 完成进行 have beenwritinghas had been writin shall have been writing will should have been writing would 58英语 以上16种时态中,过去将来进行时、过去将来完成时、将来完成进行时以及过去将来完成进行时很少使用。因此常用的时态为12种,下面对12种时态简述如下:(其中英语自学考试要重点掌握的时态有:一般现在时、过去时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成时、将来完成时等)
一般现在时 主要用来表示: 1. 客观事实与普遍真理,经常性或反复发生的动作及现在状态,常和always , every weekend , never , occasionally , often , on Sundays , seldom , once a week , usually 等状语连用。 My mother works at the same company as my father . 我母亲与我父亲在同一家公司工作。 Four plus two equals six . 四加二等于六。 He takes a walk after supper every day . 他每天晚饭后散步。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west . 日出东方,日落西方。 2.报刊标题,体育解说或舞台指导 CHINA HOSTS OLYMPIC GAMES Charlton passes to Jodan ; Jodan shoots, it's a good goal. 查尔顿传球给乔丹,乔丹投篮,好球。 3.特殊用法: a) 代替将来时,用于时间和条件状语从句中。 58en.com Please wait till Jane arrives . 请等到简回来。 We'll go fishing if the weather is good tomorrow . b) 表预先安排好的动作,常用于begin , close , depart , finish , open , stop 等动词。 The concert begins at 7:30 and ends at 9:30. 音乐会定于7时30分开始,9时30分结束。
现在进行时 1.表示现在某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作 They are discussing how to sell the goods elsewhere . 他们在讨论如何在别的地方销售这些商品。 He's talking to his girlfriend on the phone . 他正在和他的女朋友通电话。 2.一些表示状态和感觉的动词(静态动词)一般不用进行时态, 如hate , like , love , believe, think , look (看起来),mind (在意),have (有), seem , remain , contain , deserve , owe , own ,require 等。 3.有些动词(如go , come , stay , leave , start 等)的现在进行时形式也可以表示将来即将发生的动作。 He is coming to see you tomorrow . 他明天要来看你。 The plane is leaving for London . 这架飞机要飞往伦敦。
现在完成时 1.现在完成时用来表示过去开始,但持续到现在的动作,或表示过去发生的动作,但对现在仍留下某种后果和影响。常和already , before , in the past few months , over the past 5 years, just , so far , up to now ,yet 等状语连用。 58英语 He can't go on holiday because He has broken his leg . 因为他把腿摔伤了,所以不能去度假。 I haven't seen her since 1991. 自1991年以来我就没有再看见她。 2.在It is the first time + that – 分句结构或It / This is +形容词最高级+名词后的从句中用现在完成时 It's the third time I have explained this particular aspect of grammar. 这是我第三次讲解这条语法的特殊用法。 He's the most interesting person I have ever met .
现在完成进行时 现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在的动作,这个动作可能刚刚结束,或者可能要继续进行下去。 The children have been watching TV all morning . 这些孩子整个上午都在看电视。
一般过去时 一般过去时主要用来表示过去某时发生的动作或状态,常和表示过去的时间状语(如yesterday , last week , three years ago , in 1998 等)连用。 He made the statement at a meeting with Ambassador Last Friday . 上周五他在与大使的会谈中发表了声明。 She often came to help me at that time . 那时她经常来帮助我。 58英语学习 1. 在时间状语从句中,代替过去将来时。 I missed that exciting game , because mother said I couldn't watch before my homework was finished . 我错过了那场激动人心的比赛,因为妈妈说我完做作业才能看电视。 2. 一般过去时与现在完成时的区别: a) 现在完成时强调动作现在的结果;过去时着眼过去的动作或状态。 He went to Africa . 他到非洲去了。 He has gone to Africa . 他已经到非洲去了。 He has been to Africa . 他去过非洲。 b) 表示过去的时间状语只用于过去时,不能用于现在完成时: He died ten days ago . He has been dead for ten days .
过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。 I was practicing my oral English at eight o'clock yesterday evening. 昨晚八点我正在练习英语口语。 When I saw her , she was working at the computer . 我看到她时她正在上机。
过去完成时 过去完成时用来表示过去某个时间或某个动作之前已经完成的动作,或者表示过去某个时间开始一直延续到过去另一个时间的动作。强调过去的过去。常和after , before , by , until 等引导的时间状语连用。过去完成时的形式是had + 动词过去分词。 58英语 When I came to her room , she had already left . 当我来到她房间时,她已离开那里了。 I waited until he had finished his work . 我一直等到他干完活。 1. 过去完成时通常与由介词“by + 表示过去时间的名词”构成的短语连用。例如: By the end of last week we had already done half of the work. 到上星期为止,我们已经做了一半的工作了。 By the time I left the school I had taught that class for ten years. 到我离开学校的时候为止,我已经教了那个班十年了。 2. 过去完成时通常用在动词said, told, asked, explained, thought, wondered等引起的宾语从句中。例如: I told them that I had done enough work for one day. 我告诉他们我这一天做的工作够多的了。 She wondered who had left the door open. 她想知道是谁没关门。 3. 在no sooner … than, hardly … when, scarcely … when, barely … when句型中,主句中的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时,从句中谓语动词要用一般过去时。例如: Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him. 58英语 他刚一开口说话,听众就打断了他。
过去完成进行时 过去完成进行时用来表示过去某个时间以前已经开始而又延续到过去这个时间的动作。这个动作可能刚刚停止,也可能还在持续。过去完成进行时也是一个相对的时态,上下文中须有明示或暗示的作为参照的过去时间。过去进行时的形式是had been + doing。 Dick had been smoking for ten years before he decided to give it up last year . 去年狄克决定戒烟,在这之前他已经抽了十年了。 She said she had been expecting your good news . 她说她一直期待着你的好消息。
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